Friday, September 24, 2021

First Ladies: The Ever-changing Role from Martha Washington to Melania Trump, Fifth Edition, by Betty Boyd Caroli

 My book group read various biographies of the First Ladies.  The discussion was great!  This is the chart of all the First Ladies from the above book.

President and beginning of term

First Lady

George Washington 1789

Martha – involved in President’s work

John Adams 1797

Abigail – involved in President’s work

Thomas Jefferson 1801

Widower – Dolly Madison took over First Lady duties

James Madison 1809

Dolly Madison

James Monroe 1817

Elizabeth – reduced social obligation of First Ladies

John Quincy Adams 1825

Louisa

Andrew Jackson 1829

Widower – niece fulfilled duties

Martin Van Buren 1837

Widower

William Henry Harrison 1841

Anna – sick, young relative stood in for her

John Tyler 1841

Letitia – sick – daughter-in-law Priscilla Cooper Tyler filled in

Julia – second wife, instituted “Hail to the Chief”

James Polk 1845

Sarah – very involved, no children, delegated household duties

Zachery Taylor 1849

Margaret – sick, younger stand-in

Millard Fillmore 1850

Abigail – sick, daughter Mary Abigail stood-in, started White House library

Franklin Pierce 1853

Jane – sick, younger relative stood-in

James Buchanan 1857

Bachelor, niece Harriet Lane acted as hostess

Abraham Lincoln 1861

Mary Todd – considered unbalanced, lost two sons, given different circumstances may have had a better influence

Andrew Johnson 1865

Eliza – invisible but influential, daughter Martha Patterson hostess

Ulysses S. Grant 1869

Julia – first “star” family, First Lady becoming more well known

Rutherford B. Hayes 1877

Lucy – first college graduate from a woman’s academy

James Garfield 1881

Lucretia – first to participate in husband’s public memorial service

Chester Arthur 1881

Mary McElroy – sister acted as hostess

Grover Cleveland 1886

Sister Rose Cleveland acted as hostess

Married Frances Folsom, 27 years younger than Cleveland

Benjamin Harrison 1889

Caroline Scott Harrison

Grover Cleveland 1893

Frances

William McKinley 1896

Ida Saxton McKinley – became ill through grief, epilepsy

Theodore Roosevelt 1901

Edith Carow Roosevelt

Controlled press access to family

Hired her own secretary

Renovated White House and made separate family area

Hired caterers to prepare banquets instead of cooking herself

Started White House portrait gallery

William H. Taft 1909

Helen Herron Taft –

Stroke two months into term

Controlled Taft’s career, kept him off Supreme Court until after presidency

Planted cherry trees from Japan

First to publish memoirs

 

Woodrow Wilson 1913

Ellen Axson Wilson – artist, sacrificed career for Wilson, worked to clear slums, housing bill named in her honor, died 1914

Edith Bolling Galt – second wife, very independent, claimed American Indian ancestry, controlled access to Wilson after his stroke

Warren Harding 1920

Florence King Harding – musical training

Calvin Collidge 1923

Grace Goodhue Collidge – first to attend co-educational university, first to prepare for a career of her own

Herbert Hoover 1928

Lou Henry Hoover – Geology degree from co-educational college

Public activist, worked with deaf students

More outgoing that husband

Hoover gave strict rules about what she could do

Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933

Eleanor – during Great Depression

Planned to continue teaching and running two businesses: school in NYC and furniture manufacturing in Hyde Park

Wrote magazine articles and “My Day” newspaper column

Radio broadcasts

Donated all money earned

Held press conferences

Traveled for FDR

Promoted aviation

Harry Truman 1945

Elizabeth Virginia “Bess” Truman – cancelled press conferences, very close marriage

Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953

Mamie Doud Eisenhower

Thought wife’s role secondary and supportive

“Mamie bangs” and “Mamie pink”

General poor health

Laid foundation for increased staffing for First Lady

John F. Kennedy – 1961

Jacqueline “Jackie” Bouvier

Restored White House and authentic furnishings and artwork

Avoided traditional luncheons and teas

Took extended vacations on her own

Maintained own individually

Lyndon B. Johnson 1963

Claudia Alta Taylor “Lady Bird”

1941-2 ran Congressional office while LBJ served in military

Substituted often for Jackie while LBJ Vice President

Memoir – “A White House Diary”

Main project – environment and beautification

Richard Nixon 1969

Pat Nixon

Did not settle on one project but made two contributions: 1.) made the White House more accessible and 2.) restored authentic antiques to the state rooms

Her early vivacious personality was much different as first lady – uncomfortable speaking to large crowds but at ease and pleasant in private

Did not like politics, no input into Nixon’s career

Most widely traveled First Lady

 

Gerald Ford 1974

Betty Ford

Known for candor and honesty

Worked for Equal Rights Amendment and to have women appointed to important jobs in government

Promoted arts and dance

Jimmy Carter 1977

Rosalynn Carter

Three areas of interest; mental health, ERA, help aging population and promote volunteerism

First to testify before Congress since Eleanor Roosevelt

Judged to be more successful than Jimmy

Expanded First Lady’s role

Ronald Reagan 1981

Nancy Davis Reagan

Thought her career was to see to the well-being of her husband

Initially unpopular – a public relations problem for the White House

In 1982 tried to rehabilitate image

Changed approach to job and became more involved in government

1985 held First Ladies Conference regarding drug abuse

George Bush 1989

Barbara Bush

Oldest First Lady – age 63 in 1989

Opposite of Nancy’s emphasis on appearance

Project – literacy

Also worked to dispel prejudice towards AIDS patients

Wrote Millie’s book, as Dictated to Barbara Bush – all proceeds to the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy

Bill Clinton 1993

Hillary Rodham Clinton

Office in West Wing, next to Oval Office

Bill named her head of the Task Force on Health Care Reform

First to testify before a Grand Jury - regarding Whitewater 

Ran for New York Senate seat and won while still serving as First Lady

Record advance for autobiography - $8 million

George W. Bush 2001

Laura

Platform – literacy

Laura Bush Foundation for America’s Libraries

Started National Book Festival

Spoke about women’s rights in other countries

Hired first female Chief of Staff in White House

Barack Obama 2009

Michelle

Projects – reduce children’s obesity and help military families

Donald Trump 2017

Melania

First naturalized citizen to serve as First Lady

Did not immediately move to White House after inauguration

Project – Be Best focusing on opioid abuse and social media (be kinder and more responsible)

 Joe Biden

Dr. Jill

First to maintain a full time job outside the White House


Finding Dorothy, Elizabeth Letts

 

New York, South Dakota, Illinois 1871 -1898

Hollywood 1938 - 1939

Matilda Gage

Henry Gage

Julia

T.C.

Maud

 

Josie Baum – Maud’s roommate at Cornell

L. Frank Baum – cousin

 

Society of the Broom – with friends in dorm

 

Maud and Frank’s children:

Frank Joslynn

Robert

Harry Neal

Kenneth

 

Julia – married, in South Dakota

James Carpenter – husband

Magdalena – daughter

Jamie – son, died

Infant - aborted

Maud Baum

 

Judy Garland

Ethel Gumm – mother

 

Louis B. Mayer

Ida Koverman - secretary

 

Mervyn LeRoy – producer

 

Fleming – director

 

Yip Harburg – lyricist

 

Langley – script writer

 

Mary Smith – publicist

 

Arthur Freed – acted inappropriately toward Judy

 

For Discussion:

NOTE: Page numbers are from paperback edition.

1.       Mathilda thought the most important thing was for Maud to get her diploma, but Frank asked her, “Does it delight your heart” (page 106).   Could Maud have both?

2.       Shortly after Julia and James left for the Dakota Territory, Maud received a letter from her recounting mosquitoes, winds, hail, and cramped living spaces.  Maud was worried, but Frank told her to “Believe in Julia.  She’s having an adventure.  Don’t you think that’s what she wanted” (page 143).   He also said “It’s all in the telling” (page 143).    Can we change our minds about how we think about things if we look at them as an adventure instead of a hardship?

3.       When Frank opened Baum’s Bazaar in 1889 in the Dakota Territory, he approached selling differently than most.  He told Maud, “people don’t know what they want.  You have to show them…you create the desire and once people want something, they’ll stop at nothing to get it” (page 234).   Can you think of any current advertising examples that follow this idea?

4.       When Maud visited Julia in South Dakota after Jamie died, she asked Julia why she didn’t leave James and come home with Maud.  Julia answered twice, “you don’t understand” (page 222).  Why wouldn’t Julia leave?

5.       Mathilda felt guilty for Jamie’s death because she did not send money for Julia to come home for the birth but instead used it to pay for a trip for herself to Washington D. C. the for National Woman Suffrage conference.  Maud felt guilty about Julia’s abortion because she would not take in Magdalena when she herself was ill.  Should they have felt guilty?

6.       Were the sacrifices Mathilda asked her family to make so that she could be active in the women’s suffrage movement justified?  Is the greater good more important than individuals?

7.       Judy Garland longed for a sign from her father.  Frank believed in serendipity.   What did you think when Mary Smith showed them the coat that appeared to have been Frank’s?  On page 335 this was confirmed when Judy showed Maud the note in the lining in Frank’s handwriting.  In the “Afterword” the author wrote that the ownership had been confirmed by both Maud and the Chicago tailor. Does this seem too good to be true?

8.       What did you think about Judy Garland as the character in the story as well as a real person?  Do you think she was depicted accurately?

9.       When Judy was doubting herself, Maud told her, “Some people are just born like that, glowing so bright. My Frank was” and Judy’s father told Ethel, “Judy’s not going to be a star.  She already is” (page 96).  Do you think there is some inner quality that is important if someone wants to be a “star” in whatever field they choose?

10.   Did you like the last page of the story when Maud saw the credit to Frank Baum on the movie screen?

11.   In the “Afterword” the author shared information about what was true and what she had invented.  Did that add to the story?  Would you have liked to known this before reading?

12.   The author wrote in the “Afterword” that there is no consensus about the inspiration for the character of Dorothy.  After reading the book, do you have any idea?

13.   While it was a moderate box off success, over time “The Wizard of Oz” has become one of the most-viewed movies of all time.   Why is it so popular?